Index of Qualitative Variation (IQV)

The index of qualitative variation (IQV) is a measure of variability for nominal variables, such as race, ethnicity, or gender. These kinds of variables divide people by categories that cannot be ranked, unlike a variable measure of income or education, which can be measured from high to low. The IQV is based on the ratio of the total number of differences in the distribution to the maximum number of possible differences in the same distribution. Overview Let’s say, for instance, that we are interested in looking at the racial diversity of a city over time in order to see if its population has gotten more or less racially diverse, or if it has stayed the same. The index of qualitative variation is a good tool for measuring this. The index of qualitative variation can vary from 0.00 to 1.00. When all of the cases of the distribution are in one category, there is no diversity or variation, and the IQV is 0.00. For instance, if we have a distribution that consists entirely of Hispanic people, there is no diversity among the variable of race, and our IQV would be 0.00. In contrast, when the cases in a distribution are distributed evenly across the categories, there is maximum variation or diversity, and the IQV is 1.00. For example, if we have a distribution of 100 people and 25 are Hispanic, 25 are white, 25 are Black, and 25 are Asian, our distribution is perfectly diverse and our IQV is 1.00. So, if we are looking at the changing racial diversity of a city over time, we can examine the IQV year-over-year to see how diversity has evolved. Doing this will allow us to see when diversity was at its highest and at its lowest. The IQV can also be expressed as a percentage rather than a proportion. To find the percentage, simply multiply the IQV by 100. If the IQV is expressed as a percentage, it would reflect the percentage of differences relative to the maximum possible differences in each distribution. For example, if we were looking at the racial/ethnic distribution in Arizona and had an IQV of 0.85, we would multiply it by 100 to get 85 percent. This means that the number of racial/ethnic differences is 85 percent of the maximum possible differences. How To Calculate The IQV The formula for the index of qualitative variation is: IQV K(1002 – ÃŽ £Pct2) / 1002(K – 1) Where K  is the number of categories in the distribution and ÃŽ £Pct2 is the sum of all squared percentages in the distribution. There are four steps, then, to calculating the IQV: Construct a percentage distribution.Square the percentages for each category.Sum the squared percentages.Calculate the IQV using the formula above. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The Media And Its Impact On Society - 1678 Words

When you are young you don t realize that what you are watching on the television is shaping many of your beliefs, distorting what is fictional and what is reality. The media plays a huge role in stereotyping black people compared to white people which has a major impact in how we view the people in our world. When we are watching tv or listening to the radio and it is constantly relating the color of a person s skin to their actions. This causes the audience to associate these actions with a certain racial group. It is important to note the  ¨danger of a single story ¨ because we can t let one perspective be our only perspective. Even as a child I was being exposed to stereotyping in the media without realizing it. Being white, I never felt out of place where I lived or in what I saw. All the shows I watched were made up of casts that were majority white. Thinking back on the tv shows I spent so much of my childhood watching I rarely remember seeing black characters, especially not as leading roles. This was not me deliberately choosing to watch shows primarily made up of white people, it just happened to be that way on all the networks I watched. I do remember one of my favorite shows, Suite Life on Deck, adding a black character to a cast of all whites. This character was only in one season before being removed from the show. I never thought about why this was though until now. If the character was cast to a white person would that have made a difference? Would he haveShow MoreRelatedThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1723 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls th e mind†. The Media have become one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most Americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect of that is the fact that the media are very polarized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media are expected to be educational.Read MoreThe Impact of Media on Society853 Words   |  3 PagesHow much of an impact does the media have on your life? How many hours do you spend on the phone, watching television, or browsing the internet? Whether you choose to believe it or not, the media plays an enormous role in our everyday lives, and its impacts continues to stretch as technological advancements and other innovative creations come into place. One of the largest groups that the media affects, we fear is our children. As media continuously grows and undergoes changes, more and more childrenRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pagesonce said, â€Å"Whoever controls the media, controls the mind†. The Media have becoming one of the most dominant source of education of the 21st century. We could argue that most americans use the media as their main source of information. The side effect on that is the fact that the media is very po larized. With the ongoing polarization, we could hypothesize that people would have been more politically educated and oriented if the media was not infiltrated. Mass media is expected to be educational. PublicRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society Essay1625 Words   |  7 PagesMedia can be defined as â€Å"the means of communication as radio and television, newspapers, magazines, and the Internet, that reach or influence people widely† and is fully ingrained into our society. In fact, according to Nielsen’s Total Audience Report, during the 1st Quarter of 2016, American adults consumed media at a daily average of 10 hours and 39 minutes. Media not only entertains us and serves as an important agent of communication, but also plays a crucial role in the socialization of culturalRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Society1435 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Mass media is a significant force in modern culture. Sociologists refer to this as a mediated culture where media reflects and creates the culture† (â€Å"The Role and Influence of Mass Media†, n.d, para.2). Media has affected to the most area of human life include relationship, education, careers, and entertainment. There were a lot of researches about the impacts of media to society from negative to positive effects; however, researchers were not pay attention to the impacts of media in inequalityRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On Society1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe media plays a significant role in developing awareness on various different subjects. Without the media, people would be much less informed on many social and economic issues. The media can be credited for improvements in these sectors today as it engages the public to have an opinion of our on-going evolvements by releasing daily reports on such topics. In terms of charitable aid the media has greatly developed our awareness with a nature that influences us to feel sympathy for those less fortunateRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society1696 Words   |  7 Pages Media has an impact on many of the population’s everyday life. It comes to no surprise that the media i s closely related with body imaging. There are thousands of advertisements out in the media that depict images of beauty and physical attractiveness which are unrealistic. The masses see these images and think that they are achievable thus lowering the self-esteem of many. Many of these commercials and advertisements fall under the category of the following: weight loss, clothing, cosmetics andRead MoreMedia And Its Impact On Society Essay1903 Words   |  8 PagesMedia has been growing for a numerous amount of years, and it will only keep rising. You could say that nearly everyone around you has some sort of technological device or way in which they can access the media, these are what we call print, audio visual and on-line media. Print media includes things such as newspapers, magazines and even books, Audio visual media includes your TV, radio or even music and finally on-line media is mostly photos or videos that are spread over the internet. With theRead MoreThe Impact Of Med ia On Society1853 Words   |  8 Pages In twenty first century, media is unavoidable in society. Every human being is exposed to countless media images, advertisements, magazines, TV shows in their everyday lives. Media is everywhere, it’s hard to avoid and there’s no escaping from it. Almost every home in America has a cell phone, internet connection, or a television. If not, billboard signs, magazines, and store advertisements are everywhere in society. Media is designed to advertise, entertain, giving informationRead MoreThe Impact Of The Media On Society1787 Words   |  8 PagesThe media is a major part of modern society today and holds immense powers over multiple organisations, it has the ability to influence opinions of society through its many channels which include â€Å"†¦ every broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax and internet† (Business Dictionary, 2017). One of the greatest aspec ts of society that the media has power over are sporting organisations and the athletes that are associated

Discuss the Effect of Islam upon West Africa Essay Free Essays

Change Over Time Essay Assignment # 1The camel. with its ability to go long distances without H2O and carry heavy tonss. facilitated trans-Saharan communicating. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss the Effect of Islam upon West Africa Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now During the 7th and 8th centuries CE. Islamic vanquishers had added North Africa to the dar al-Islam. By the terminal of the 8th century CE. Muslim merchandisers had crossed the Sahara and initiated commercial dealingss with Sub-Saharan West Africa and by the beginning of the 2nd millenary. Islam had become entrenched in West African life. Islam dramatically changed West Africa culturally. politically. and economically in the clip period between 1000 CE and 1750 CE. but many basics of West African society remained the same. Economically. Islam ushered a new epoch of economic prosperity into West Africa. The acceptance of Islam by West African provinces provided them with common land upon which provinces such as Mali greatly expanded their gold trade to embrace Arab and Mediterranean states. Established Muslim trade paths facilitated the immense addition in the volume of African trade. Commercial metropoliss sprung up across West Africa. with commercialism increasing Timbuktu’s population to 100. 000. In the 12th century. Muslim merchandisers introduced cotton. rice. and citrus fruits to West Africa ; by the 16th century cotton was the chief fabric produced in West Africa. European demand for cotton fabrics ensured that West Africa would stay economically comfortable. Muslim merchandisers expanded the African break one’s back trade to a Continental degree. supplying Europeans with a model upon which to construct the ruinous Atlantic slave trade. replacing little graduated table tribal bondage with immense province economic systems built wholly around capturing slaves and selling them to foreign states. However. despite these immense alterations in economic methods and volume. West African provinces relied to a great extent upon trade as the rule signifier of economic support throughout periods of Islamic influence. The addition in trade with Islamic merchandisers between 1000 and 1750 led to the pervasion of Muslim civilization among West African peoples. Islamic swayers built big mosques and universities where people could larn about Islam. every bit good as other countries of cognition. These universities spread literacy within West African society. Islam was by and large tolerant of traditional values. such as polygamy. This allowed it greater popularity than Christianity. and decreased opposition to transition. Islam was non forced upon citizens by their male monarchs. but instead was voluntarily encouraged. Despite this. many people adopted Islam. particularly those who interacted with Muslim merchandisers. However. many of those who adopted Islam did non follow Islam in its original signifier. but instead combined it with traditional spiritual beliefs to make a syncretistic faith. There was much societal convulsion among purists. such as the Fulani. and those who practiced syncretistic Is lam. Despite the big Islamic influence in the country. many chose non to follow a syncretistic religion and instead kept their traditional beliefs. The integrating of Islamic civilization into West Africa. every bit good as the economic prosperity that Islamic trade brought West Africa. led to the creative activity of big centralised provinces. As opposed to the little lands. such as the land of Ghana. that the first Islamic merchandisers encountered in West Africa. by the 15th century two big centralized imperiums had emerged. Muslim influence played a big portion in the creative activity of these big imperiums. First. the gross created by integrating of West Africa into Islamic trade allowed West African swayers to make and back up big standing ground forcess. These ground forcess ensured that these imperiums could protect their peoples and beginnings of income. every bit good as exert their influence. Second. Islamic jurisprudence. known as Shari’a. introduced to West Africa allowed for incorporate regulation. Previously. changing tribal Torahs had caused upset and atomization. every bit good as discontent. Islamic jurisprudence facilitated and demanded the creative activity of big centralised imperiums. However. Islam itself did non needfully go the sole faith of these imperiums ; many. so most. citizens of these imperiums clung to and practise their traditional heathen spiritual beliefs. Following the prostration of these two imperiums. West African political construction returned to the little regional lands that had been West African norm before Muslim merchandisers crossed the Sahara. Overall. the Islam greatly. sometimes even wholly. changed cultural. political. and economic environments in West Africa between 1000 CE and 1750 CE. Examples of this alteration include the debut of centralised lands. trans-Saharan trade. and Muslim values. Despite this great alteration. many elements of West African society. such as popular faith. dependance on trade. and basic values remained the same despite Muslim influence up through 1750 CE. Near the terminal of that period. Africa began to be colonized by European states. and fell under European influence. 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Gain Enhancement Techniques for Amplifier

Question: Write an essay about the gain enhancement techniques for amplifier. Answer: Introduction Exactness and rapid are typically the two typically important homes of simple and blended sign circuits. A extensive assortment of easy and blended sign frameworks have execution that's constrained by using the settling conduct of a CMOS operational enhancer. These incorporate exchanged capacitor channels, algorithmic A/D converters, sigma-delta converters, scan and keep circuits, and pipeline A/D converters. The settling habits of the Operation Amp decide the precision and the expense that may be come to. Common teachings show fast settling requires single shaft settling habits and an excessive pick up data transmission item. High precision likewise requires a excessive DC opt for up. The low estimations of inborn transistor decide on up complete by brief-channel MOS items utilized as part of rapid audio system has made it tougher to get a high DC-decide on up from most present enhancer structures. Most channels today are worked with trans-conductance accessories and capacitors in i ntegrator-established items. Constructing designated channels at excessive frequencies shows a few difficulties. One noteworthy limitation is the stage mistake of the integrators. The exceptional components of the posts and zeros within the channel are exceptionally soft to the period of the integrator at the shaft and 0 frequencies. Channel execution is likewise touchy to the DC-addition of the integrators. A 2d test is to assemble an integrator with an properly high DC-pick up. These define challenges have been tended to in countless productions including. Dynamic biasing of trans-conductance audio system has been proposed as a manner for upgrading decide on up and adorning settling. Be that as it's going to, in the current steadily one-sided amplifiers, amid the last part of settling period the DC broaden can be excessive however the present will be low for this reason settling is impeded. Powerfully one-sided enhancers have restrained acknowledgment as a consequence of these inconveniences. Gain enhancement techniques Intensifier trans-conductance, Gm, is when all is alleged in executed an detail of the trans-conductance of transistors on the information stage. It's well realized that the trans-conductance will also be expanded both through increasing the biasing current of the expertise transistors or through expanding the extent of the information transistors. It may be seemed that each methodologies will bring about expanding the force dissemination and the parasitic capacitance at the know-how hubs and restricting the know-how/yield swings of the enhancer. Making use of the previous procedures to develop the trans-conductance could likewise effect in diminishing the enhancer yield impedance this may antagonistically impact the intensifier execution. In this work we can examine two strategies that can be utilized to beef up intensifier's trans-conductance. The foremost procedure, which is material to enhancers without cascading, relies on upon associating the dynamic load transistors to the dat a flag as opposed to an altered biasing voltage. This association would require a DC shift for the info voltage to be respectable to power the dynamic burden transistor. The DC gain is whatever but difficult to execute within the utterly differential cases. At final to eliminate the need of a ordinary criticism circuit, we make use of a resistive organization with the deliver. This resistive association will likewise be utilized to provide optimistic input, so as to deliver about terrible conductance select up growth. These ways enables us to generously construct the enhancer trans-conductance, Gm, without expanding the force dissemination, or lessening the overabundance predisposition on the information transistors which can prevent our info/yield swing as we can show up in the channel utility. As a case of the primary method, bear in mind the enhancer, which has a trans-conductance, Gm, an identical to gm1. This circuit has a trans-conductance, Gm, of gm1+gm2, which will also be much bigger than gm1. Seeing that amplifier choose up transmission capacity object, and DC develop are relative The intensifier has a bigger DC-prefer up and a higher unity pick up recurrence than the circuit of Fig1a however both audio system have the equal drive scattering. Observe that transistor M2 serving as a biasing transistor serves additionally as an intensifier in the circuit that tackle the problems distinct above will now be viewed. Figure: Circuit diagram for gain enhancement The mathematical equation for the gain modulation can be shown as- The acknowledgment of this concept is completed in a technique such that the enter tail-present has a first-rate that's reliant on the yield voltage stage Vout. This time period is important to get the craved constructive criticism property. Case of execution of this method on collapsed cascade and gain enhancers. Simulation results The enhancer appeared in figure 2.D has been mimicked making use of TSMC 0.25u process. The enhancer has a combination current of 340uA. For a heap capacitor of zero.5pF, and drive give of 2.5 Volts, the amplifier can achieve a DC increase of 66dB, team spirit choose up recurrence of 842MHz with a stage fringe of 87 levels. The AC investigation effect is regarded in determine 5. The adjusted collapsed enhancer of the second method with the confident input is recreated utilizing CMOS TSMC zero.25u procedure. The amplifier has an mixture present of 1.2mA, capacitive heap of 500fF, and drive supply of 2.5V. Reproduction demonstrates that the enhancer has a DC develop of 107.3dB with cohesion select up recurrence of 805MHz. Conclusion Two tactics to upgrade enhancer trans-conductance in enlargement to optimistic-criticism had been proposed to bring together rapid and excessive DC-select up intensifiers. The 2nd method demonstrates execution of the constructive input procedure in a method the place the increase is controllable, and the addition is not an outstanding capacity of the yield voltage swing. The further rate paid used to be the growth of the enhancer info capacitance. The further price paid for the confident criticism in the 2nd approach for increasing the gain was once the necessity of an imitation biasing plan to control amplifier select up. References Charlamov, J. and Navickas, R. (2015). Design of CMOS Differential Transimpedance Amplifier. Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika, 21(1). Computer aided design and optimization of a broad-band high frequency monolithic amplifier. (1973). Computer-Aided Design, 5(2), pp.130-131. Dassi, M. and Sharma, R. (2014). Design of RF Low Noise Amplifier at 2GHz in 0.18m Technology. Journal on Today's Ideas - Tomorrow's Technologies, 2(2), pp.107-115. Goldstein, J. and Hopf, F. (1974). Laser amplifier design. Optics Communications, 11(2), pp.118-122. Khan, M. and Burney, S. (2011). Statistical Approach to Design Low Noise Amplifier. IJCEE, pp.606-610. Ã…Å ¾engl, M. (2016). Broadband Microwave Amplifier Design with Lumped Elements. Frequenz, 70(3-4). Servo-Amplifier Design. (1965). Nature, 206(4987), pp.859-860. Sun, H. (2012). ZnO Thin Film Sensor Design of the Charge Amplifier. AMR, 462, pp.65-70. Ulker, S. (2011). Broadband Microwave Amplifier Design Using Particle Swarm Optimization. JCP, 6(11). Xie, G. and Xiao, H. (2010). Modeling and auto-design of operational amplifier based on genetic algorithm. null, 2009(1), pp.91-95.